21 February 2012

Religious Persecution and Martyrdom

A reader sent me this.

It contains comments made by His Eminence Francis Card. George, Archbishop of Chicago.

In 2010, Cardinal Francis George of Chicago outlined the degree to which he believed religious freedoms (in the United States and other Western societies) were endangered. After the passage of legislation that enabled Civil Unions in Illinois, his eminence stated:

I expect to die in bed, my successor will die in prison and his successor will die a martyr in the public square.[i]

In February of 2012, Cardinal George reflected on the seriousness of the Obama administration’s health-care mandate:

At the present moment, Catholics in this country are facing challenges to our institutional existence and our mission that we thought would never arise here. … The laws that used to protect us are now being used to weaken and destroy us, and this quite deliberately.[ii]

Shortly, thereafter, when the Obama administration and the media touted the fact that the Catholic Bishops are alone on the contraception issue and that most Catholics aren’t supporting them in this battle, Cardinal George wrote:

This is the first time in the history of the United States that a presidential administration has purposely tried to interfere in the internal working of the Catholic Church, playing one group off against another for political gain. What isn’t always understood is that the Bishops of the Church make no attempt to speak for all Catholics; they never have. The Bishops speak for the Catholic and apostolic faith, and those who hold that faith gather around them. Others disperse.[iii]

A few days later on at a press conference held at Loyola University on February 18th, he told the Chicago Tribune about the devastating effects of the HHS mandate for Catholic institutions:

The long-term effect is that the Catholic Church will be stripped of the institutions that are her instruments for public service. We will lose hospitals, we will lose universities. That’s not the country I was born in. … Something monumental is happening here.[iv]

SOURCES:

[i] “Ever-increasing attacks on Church calling us to martyrdom”, St. Louis Review, (February 16, 2012). Available HERE, and “In Opposing the Right to Same-Sex Marriage, Catholic Leadership Opposes Laity and Wider Public”, Rainbow Sash Movement Blog (February 9, 2012). Available HERE.

[ii] Cardinal Francis George, “Changes on the Horizon”, Cardinal’s Network (February 6, 2012). Available HERE.

[iii] Cardinal Francis George, “A Timely Visit”, Cardinal’s Network (February 14, 2012). Available HERE.

[iv] “George: Government impinging on religious freedoms regarding contraception”, Chicago Tribune (February 18, 2012). Available HERE.

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Posted in Dogs and Fleas, Global Killer Asteroid Questions, Modern Martyrs, Our Catholic Identity, The Drill, The Last Acceptable Prejudice, The future and our choices | Tagged , , , | 24 Comments

Summer 2012 – Norcia, Italy – Summer Programs

Since I sometimes listen to the office sung by the Benedictine Monks in Norcia, in gratitude I will post that they have a summer theology program coming up.

The Saint Albert the Great Center for Scholastic Studies is an organization dedicated to the revival of higher studies in theology undertaken according to the mind and method of the great scholastics. This purpose is realized principally through the regular hosting of two-week long Summer programs, in which participants are invited to an intensive course of studies in Catholic theology presented in the form of the great Catholic universities of the high Middle Ages. Unique to these programs is the combination of scholastic form and content, namely the study of St Thomas Aquinas in the way that St Thomas himself would have studied. Hence the dedication of the Center to his own teacher, St Albert the Great. This year’s program is again taking place in Norcia, Italy, from June 18 to June 30, with the theme: “Encountering Christ in the Gospels.”

Academics: We will be reading the four Gospels cover to cover over the course of our two-week program, in order to increase our familiarity with, understanding of, and appreciation for the Gospels, so that through them we might also encounter the living person of Jesus Christ in a deeper way. Together with the Gospels, we will be reading commentaries by St Augustine, St Bonaventure, St Thomas Aquinas, and Papa Ratzinger, among others.

Prayer: Participants are invited to attend daily Mass (Latin, Usus Antiquior) and to pray the Divine Office with the Benedictine Monks of Norcia.

Excursions: Optional excursions include trips to nearby Assisi and Cascia. There will also be a weekend trip to Rome for the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul (June 29), the glorious foundations of the Church of Rome. The Holy Father’s schedule has not been announced yet, but if we can we will try to obtain tickets to a papal Vespers and/or Mass for the feast day.

Cost: €675. (At the moment, that is less than $900.) Price includes tuition, room, and half-board (a light breakfast and a multi-course Italian style dinner each day in Norcia).

For more information on the program, or in order to apply, please visit: www.albertusmagnuscss.org.

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Posted in The Campus Telephone Pole | Tagged | 2 Comments

20 February 2012

Pres. Obama’s pro-abortion record chronicled

This is useful.

LifeNews did a compilation of Pres. Obama’s promotion of abortion.  HERE.

As one of my correspondents quipped to me, the list is “longer than a menu at a Chinese restaurant”.

Pres. Obama’s record concerning the promotion of abortion is frightening.  And the LifeNews compilation doesn’t include what he did as a state senator in Illinois to ensure that babies who survive abortions should die uncared for.

Pres. Obama: What a guy.

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Posted in Dogs and Fleas, Emanations from Penumbras | Tagged , , | 41 Comments

Ash Wednesday, Fasting, Abstaining, and You.

According to the 1983 Code of Canon Law for the Latin Church, Latin Church Catholics are bound to observe fasting and abstinence on Ash Wednesday.

Here are some details. I am sure you know them already, but they are good to review.

FASTING: Catholics who are 18 year old and up, until their 59th birthday (when you begin your 60th year), are bound to fast (1 full meal and 2 “snacks” that don’t add up to a full meal) on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday.

ABSTINENCE: Catholics who are 14 years old and older are abound to abstain from meat on Ash Wednesday and on all Fridays of Lent.

In general, when you have a medical condition of some kind, or you are pregnant, etc., these requirements can be relaxed.

For Eastern Catholics there are differences concerning dates and practices. Perhaps our Eastern friends can fill us Latins in.

You should by now have a plan for your spiritual life and your physical/material mortifications and penitential practices during Lent.

You would do well to include some works of mercy, both spiritual and corporal.

liquidum non frangit ieiuniumI also recommend making a good confession close to the beginning of Lent.

“But Father! But Father!”, some of you are saying anxiously, “What about my Mystic Monk Coffee?  I can drink my Mystic Monk Coffee, can’t I?  Can’t I?”

You can, of course, with and as part of your full meal and two snacks.  No question there.

How about in between?  The old axiom, for the Lenten fast, is “Liquidum non frangit ieiuniumliquid does not break the fast”, provided you are drinking for the sake of thirst, rather than for eating.  I don’t think chocolate banana shakes or “smoothies”, etc., are permissible, even though they are pretty much liquid in form.  They are not what you would drink because you are thirsty, as you might more commonly do with water, coffee, tea, wine in some cases, lemonade, even some of these sports drinks such as “Gatorade”, etc.  Common sense applies.

Drinks such as coffee and tea seem not break the Lenten fast even if they have a little milk added, or a bit of sugar, or fruit juice, which in the case of tea might be lemon.

Coffee would break the Eucharistic fast (one hour before Communion), since – pace fallentes  - coffee is no longer water, but not the Lenten fast on Ash Wednesday.

You will be happy to know that chewing tobacco does not break the fast (unless you eat the quid, I guess), nor does using mouthwash (gargarisatio in one manual I checked) or brushing your teeth (pulverisatio).

If you want to drink your coffee and tea with true merit I suggest drinking it from one of my coffee mugs.  I’d like to offer an indulgence for doing so, but that’s above my pay grade.

Perhaps I should make a “Liquidum non frangit ieiunium” mug.

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Holy See – Irish “relations”

The Irish government has confirmed a decision to close its embassy to the Holy See.

Thus, the Irish Times.

They are sticking to their excuse of budget cuts.  Thus, AP.

I would remind the Irish that there are more Catholics in Los Angeles than there are in Ireland.

Perhaps the Holy See should reconsider my proposal to deal with all Irish business from a desk in the Nunciature at the Court of St. James in London.

Please pray for my friend Archbp. Charles Brown, Apostolic Nuncius to Ireland.

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Posted in New Evangelization, Our Catholic Identity, Religious Liberty, The Drill, The Last Acceptable Prejudice, The future and our choices, Throwing a Nutty | Tagged , , , | 28 Comments

QUAERITUR: De precum recitatione et potionis “coffeae” bibendo

Ex e-litteris nuper a lectore acceptis:

Andreas philologus patri Z pacem Christi dicit:

Consuetudo est mihi, pater optime, ad primam auroram Laudes offere. Cum habitem enim solus, etiam solus precor, ad quas autem preces nuper superadditum est aliquid alium, quod est coffea. Hoc modo progredi assuesco. Primum est psalmus, deinde sorbilo, dein psalmus secundus, deinde sorbilo rursus! Estne nefas, pater optime, mihi psallanti ita sorbere? Si enim sit nefas, quo tamen tempore deceat, sive antequam sive postquam laudavi, potum bibere matutinum?

Cura ut valeas in Christo

Andreae Ioannes sacerdos in Christo s.p.d.

Secundum auctores a nobis approbatos, officii recitatio excludit actiones quae internam applicationem impediunt. Vitandae sunt idcirco actiones quae cum attentione interna sunt dissonae ut fructus orandi uberiores percipientur. Fortasse ergo licet nobis orare dum manducamus, non tamen licet manducare dum oramus.

o{];¬)

Omnia quaeque in Christo optima exoptans.

His scriptis, Carmelitorum Wyomingensium Monachorum nucupatorum Mysticorum grana arabica coffea ex vestigio abunde emitote!

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Posted in "How To..." - Practical Notes, ASK FATHER Question Box, Lighter fare | Tagged , | 13 Comments

The burning of Giordano Bruno

During my years in Rome I came to loath the famous statue of Giordano Bruno in the Campo de’ Fiori, once the place of execution where he was burned.   Bruno was a serious weird guy.  He would have been a great czar for something or other for the Obama Administration.

In any event, from the History Blog comes this rather grisly story and app.

In honor of the 412th anniversary of the burning at the stake of Giordano Bruno, Dominican friar, philosopher, astronomer and master of mnemonic devices so complex he was thought to have magical powers, the Vatican Secret Archives announced Friday that they are releasing a contemporary summary of his trial and a companion smartphone app.

The detailed Holy Office transcripts of Giordano Bruno’s trial were destroyed between 1810, when Napoleon demanded files from the Vatican Archives be sent to Paris, and 1815-1817 when the files were returned to Rome. We don’t know what got destroyed when, exactly, but records do note that one Marino Marini, the man tasked by Pius VII with bringing the Vatican Archives back to Rome from Paris, considered the trial transcripts of the Holy Office useless at best, at worst harmful since they might taint the reputation of the defendants’ descendants. He and Cardinal Consalvi decided to shred entire volumes of them, then soaked the pieces in water and sold the mash to a Parisian cardboard factory for 4,300 francs. Over 2,600 trial transcripts were lost during this period.

All we have left of the Bruno trial is a summary written in 1598, two years before his execution, and preserved in a volume labeled “Miscelleanea Armadi.” It was rediscovered on November 15, 1940 by Cardinal Angelo Mercati, Prefect of the Vatican Archives, who published it in 1942. It’s that volume that will be on public display at the Lux in Arcana exhibit starting February 29th. The app will be made available the same day.

Thanks to the technological partnership with Accenture, the global management, consulting, technology and outsourcing company, as of February 29th, when the exhibition opens, a sophisticated app that was developed specifically for the Vatican Secret Archives on this occasion will make it possible, for example, to focus your tablet or smartphone on the statue of Giordano Bruno at Campo de’ Fiori and see his pyre burst into flame on your device’s display, to open the documents related to the trial of the Dominican friar and philosopher, and to call up videos with further information on his life and his ideas. The app that Accenture developed also makes it possible to explore all the documents in the exhibition with multimedia in-depth contents, thereby heightening the cultural and emotional experience of the event.

It looks like this:

Take a picture of the Giordano Bruno statue in Campo de' Fiori... ... then watch him burn at the pyre for his many heresies.

It’s rather hardcore, especially considering the Church’s statement of sorrow at the “sad episode” and Bruno’s “atrocious death” released on February 17, 2000, the 400th anniversary of the execution. From Cardinal Angelo Sodano’s excruciatingly carefully worded statement:

“It is not our place to express judgments about the conscience of those who were involved in this matter. Objectively, nonetheless, certain aspects of these procedures and in particular their violent result at the hand of civil authority, in this and analogous cases, cannot but constitute a cause for profound regret on the part of the Church.”

I won’t lie, though, it sounds like a pretty kickass app, not so much for the heretic-on-fire screen cap but rather for the easy access to the documents and videos.

The press release says that the Bruno documents are available on the Lux in Arcana website, but all I could find was a short overview of the trial and execution, not the full text. There was a more detailed overview with quotes from the summary available on the Vatican Secret Archives website as recently as last May, but it’s offline now. You can still see it using the Wayback Machine, thankfully.

[...]

You can read the rest over there.

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Posted in Dogs and Fleas | Tagged | 24 Comments

What is your good news?

Is there something good thing what has happened in your life?

I think we could all use some good news.

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Posted in SESSIUNCULA | 42 Comments

Your Sunday Sermon Notes

Did you hear a good point in the Sunday sermon?

What was it?

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Posted in SESSIUNCULA | 47 Comments

Lent is near: Fr. Z’s 20 Tips For Making A Good Confession

Quinquagesima Sunday is behind us and Ash Wednesday is upon us. It has been a while since I have posted this.

Fr. Z’s 20 Tips For Making A Good Confession o{]:¬)

We should…

1) …examine our consciences regularly and thoroughly;
2) …wait our turn in line patiently;
3) …come at the time confessions are scheduled, not a few minutes before they are to end;
4) …speak distinctly but never so loudly that we might be overheard;
5) …state our sins clearly and briefly without rambling;
6) …confess all mortal sins in number and kind;
7) …listen carefully to the advice the priest gives;
8) …confess our own sins and not someone else’s;
9) …carefully listen to and remember the penance and be sure to understand it;
10) …use a regular formula for confession so that it is familiar and comfortable;
11) …never be afraid to say something “embarrassing”… just say it;
12) …never worry that the priest thinks we are jerks…. he is usually impressed by our courage;
13) …never fear that the priest will not keep our confession secret… he is bound by the Seal;
14) …never confess “tendencies” or “struggles”… just sins;
15) …never leave the confessional before the priest has finished giving absolution;
16) …memorize an Act of Contrition;
17) …answer the priest’s questions briefly if he asks for a clarification;
18) …ask questions if we can’t understand what he means when he tells us something;
19) …keep in mind that sometimes priests can have bad days just like we do;
20) …remember that priests must go to confession too … they know what we are going through.

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This Lent brings a new, old Roman tradition for Mass: the Oratio super populum

Now that the new, corrected translation is in force in most places, you will notice with the beginning of Lent something new that is really something old: the Oratio super populum… the Prayer over the people at the end of Mass.

Fathers: You might want to talk you your flocks about this.

The “Prayer over the people” was reintroduced in the Latin edition of the 2002 Missale Romanum. Now that we have a new translation, it is part of the Novus Ordo Mass in English as well.

This is an important custom for Lent.

The origin of the Oratio super populum is quite complex and hard to pin down. The use of this prayer is ancient, found in both the Eastern liturgies of Syria and Egypt and in the West.  It became part of the Roman liturgy very early on.

Turning to Fr. Joseph A. Jungmann’s monumental two volume The Mass of the Roman Rite: Its Origins and Development we find a history of this prayer at the beginning of the section concerning the close of the Mass (II, pp. 427ff). Something Jungmann emphasizes that caught my attention is the fact that we are at a “frontier” moment, the threshold of the sacred precinct of the church and the world.

When properly formed we want the influence of our intimate contact with the divine to carry over into the outside world.

Unlike the Postcommunio, the object of the prayer is not “us”. Instead, the priest prayers for and over the people, not generally including himself as he does in the prayer after Communion.

By the time of Pope Gregory the Great (+604) this Prayer over the people was only in the Lenten season, probably because this is perceived to be a time of greater spiritual combat requiring more blessings. Indeed it was extremely important for those who were not receiving Holy Communion, as was the case of those doing public penance before the Church, the ordo poenitentium.

How important was this prayer to the Romans?

In 545, when Pope Vigilius (537-55) was conducting the Station Mass at St. Cecilia in Trastevere, troops of the pro-Monophysite Byzantine Emperor Justinian arrived after Communion to take the Pope into custody and conduct him to Constantinople. The people followed them to the ship and demanded “ut orationem ab eo acciperent… the they should receive the blessing prayer from him”, by which was meant the Prayer over the people. The Pope recited it, the people said “Amen” and off went Vigilius who would return to Rome only after his death.

With the new translation, more people will begin to experience this old new Roman practice.

Lent is a time of spiritual combat. The Prayer over the people is meant to strengthen you on the threshold between the sacred precinct of the church and the world which you are charged both to shape and to endure.

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Posted in "How To..." - Practical Notes, Brick by Brick, Liturgy Science Theatre 3000, Our Catholic Identity | Tagged , , , , , | 8 Comments

19 February 2012

Brick by brick in Trenton

A friend sent photos of what may have been the first Solemn Mass in Trenton for… well.. since… you know.

Trenton

I’m told that some 650 people attended the Solemn Mass at the Church of St. Anthony in Hamilton, NJ. The music was Franz Schubert’s Mass in G Major provided by students of Westminster Choir College in Princeton.

The celebrant was Fr. Brian Patrick Woodrow, who is the the Trenton Diocesan “Liason” for the Extraordinary Form. The Deacon was Fr. Kevin J. Kimtis and Subdeacon was Fr. H. Todd Carter, all ordained within the last few years.

Brick by brick.

This is another way to fight the Obama Administration’s attacks on Holy Church.

See my “manifesto” on the matter.

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Posted in Brick by Brick, Liturgy Science Theatre 3000, Our Catholic Identity, SUMMORUM PONTIFICUM | Tagged , , | 16 Comments

3…2…1…

A glimpse at the pastoral style of His Hermeneuticalness.

fire

To find out what this is all about, click HERE.

(Darn good idea, if you think about it.)

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QUAERITUR: Purifying fingers after handling the Eucharist… not.

ablution cupFrom a reader:

I went to a well said Latin low Mass this morning. The celebrant and a deacon gave communion to the faithful. The celebrant followed the rubrics after communion to consume the sacred particles and rinse his fingers. However, the deacon just simply went back to his seat in the sanctuary. There could have been sacred particles on his fingers. In the old days I believe the sacred ministers of communion would have rinsed their fingers in the sacrarium in the sacristy.
The New Mass rubrics are so sloppy on this, but would you know if any minister of communion should also rinse his fingers as does the celebrant after communion in the EF Mass? What about keeping the index finger and thumb together until these have been rinsed.

First, let’s make a couple distinctions. It is okay for deacons to distribute Communion in the Extraordinary Form. Also, had the helper been a priest or a bishop, rather than a deacon, the question about purifying one’s fingers would be the same. This isn’t something about deacons. That said, in the past, permanent diaconate formation in some places has not always been very… thorough. I have met deacons, great and willing and good-hearted men, who knew very little about what was going on. I have met a few whose knowledge would put 90% of the priests I know to shame. Alas, the former group is larger than the later. I think the numbers are shifting in the right direction. But I said this wasn’t about deacons qua deacons.

The additional Minister of Communion ought to have purified his fingers. Even if he didn’t think he had any particles on his fingers, he should have purified his fingers. Why? But people (like you) are often very attentive to everything that happens – or doesn’t happen – in a sanctuary. Had he purified his fingers, you wouldn’t have been distracted by the fact that he did not and we should never have met.  Decide for yourself whether that last point is good or bad.

Now, let’s grant the fellow the benefit of the doubt: maybe he just forgot.  Though it is entirely possible the deacon just didn’t know to do this, perhaps he just forgot!

Don’t climb all over him. Don’t assume he doesn’t believe in the presence of the Lord in Eucharist, or that he is a secret Lutheran, blah blah blah. If the deacon does this regularly, however, perhaps a discreet mention of the fact to the priest some time down the line could clue Father in on a point which, on his own, he could let the deacon/other minister know about.

People have a learning curve when it comes to recovering all the details. Some were fortunate enough to absorb it by osmosis or by really good training. Others slowly pick it up.

Anyway, if someone doesn’t know what we are talking about, there ought to be a small cup of water, normally with a cover, next to the door of the tabernacle. It is called an “ablution cup”.

Someone should do a study, with a graph of course, of the presence of and use of an ablution cup against the rigid imposition of Communion in the hand.

When one handles the Blessed Sacrament, and one is not the celebrant at Mass who will purify his fingers in the normal course of events, you use that small cup and small linen towel, to make sure that no particle of the Eucharist has remained on your fingers.  The ablution cup could also be used for a Host which may need to be dissolved before putting the liquid down the sacrarium.  Then there’s the not-so-legendary-maniple-pin-transfixed-enormous-chalice-invading-spider

The Eucharist is not less the Eucharist in the Ordinary Form than it is in the Extraordinary.  But, alas, I have seen some shockingly relaxed practices concerning handling the Eucharist in some places. We would do well to recover traditional discipline in this matter, a discipline which leads not to soul-crushing anxiety or scrupulosity, but to reverence and awe at what we are privileged to do.

Furthermore, I think Communion in the hand should be abolished. So there!

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QUAERITUR: Ashes, Very Small Children, and You – An annual discussion.

ashes and babiesFrom a priest:

Reverend and Dear Father,

Ash Wednesday is soon to be upon us, and I am faced with the situation I am often faced with: whether to impose ashes on cute, angel-faced infants.

It never fails that, as the faithful come up for ashes, they bring children.

I don’t see the purpose of imposing ashes on babies, who are unaware of not only sin, but what the ashes represent (as well as what the formula spoken means).

I know, if I don’t impose ashes on them, I’ll get bad looks from both sides of the ecclesiological spectrum.

Is there a reason I can cling to why babies should receive ashes?

I hope a few priests will jump in with their experience and thoughts on this matter.

Father, you are right that, looking at it with the cold eyes of reason, there is little point to imposing ashes on an infant.  Sure there is the cuteness factor.  More importantly, you will  avoid the ridiculous discussions you will have to endure if you don’t put ashes on the precious bundle of joy.  Inevitably someone will be upset that little Stupor Mundi didn’t get the ashes, especially because we live in an age when everyone has to “get theirs”, and in particular if it’s free.  No reason will be involved in these discussions, by the way.  You’ll have to deal with emotions, usually “mom’s”, and you cannot win on that field.  So, Father, unless you have lots of time and patience, just put the ashes on the kids.

On the other hand, our Catholic identity is rooted in more than what we grasp from the light of reason. Deep memories and emotions, implanted impressions, also play their role.  I have some really early memories.  You just never know what ineffable memory might be planted!  Seriously.

It seems to me that if it is obvious that mommy or daddy want darling precious to have ashes, then go with that. Put the ashes on the kid and move on (I am assuming that you are moving along the altar rail where people are kneeling like the good Catholics they ought to be).

If you are not sure if mommy or daddy expects Her Cuteness to get smeared with the gritty burnt vegetable remains which could get her wittle eyes, then ask about it.   You could ask something like, “Do you want some of this harsh and gritty burnt vegetable ash near her sensitive eyes or not?”

On second thought, how about, “And your child?”

I would advise, that if the ashes are put on a bit thick on the child’s forehead that you watch carefully that you not get any in the child’s eyes.  After that you can, if the image isn’t a bit ironic, wash your hands of the matter…. which come to think of it you’ll be doing before Mass continues.  I digress.  Just don’t you get ashes in the child’s eyes.  The parent’s eyes, on the other hand….

“But Father! But Father!”, I can hear some people shouting.  “Clearly you think ashes shouldn’t be put on babies.  How old is old enough for the ashes? Do we have to wait for 1st Holy Communion?”

First, I didn’t say babies should not be given ashes.  Read again what I said above about deep memories.  I wasn’t kidding about that.  I am not being merely pragmatic.  However, I would add that if little Stupor Mundi is old enough to say “sorry” to Jesus before beddy-bye, she is also old enough to start learning about penance and self-denial and what the ashes stand for: We are dust and unto dust we shall return.

Hmmm… now that I think of it, if a parent has to look at the smudge on baby’s head and think about death, that could be a good thing.

Reverend and Dear Father, since this is a sacramental, and not a sacrament, I think we can have some leeway.  And before anyone brings it up by shouting “But Father!”, this is not quite like the “blessing for babies at Communion time” issue: that moment is for Communion, not blessings.  Dealing with the fallout (get that “ash” image?  heh?) might be the same, they are not the same problem.

Finally, if you are going to make the decision not to put ashes on babies, may I recommend making a good confession before Ash Wednesday?

If you survive, let us know how it went.

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Posted in "But Father! But Father!", "How To..." - Practical Notes, ASK FATHER Question Box, Liturgy Science Theatre 3000, Mail from priests, Our Catholic Identity | Tagged , , , , , | 49 Comments